Memphis or Men-nefer (Arabic: مَنْف Manf  pronounced [mænf]; Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ; Greek: Μέμφις) was the ancient capital of Inebu-hedj, the first nome of Lower Egypt that was known as mḥw ("north"). Its ruins are located in the vicinity of the present-day village of Mit Rahina (Arabic: ميت رهينة), in markaz (county) Badrashin, Giza, Egypt. Its make known is derived from the late Ancient Egyptian reveal for Memphis mjt-rhnt meaning "Road of the Ram-Headed Sphinxes".

Along afterward the pyramid fields that stretch on a desert plateau for exceeding thirty kilometers upon its west including the famous Pyramids of Giza, they have been listed as the World Heritage Site Memphis and its Necropolis. The site is admittance to the public as an open-air museum.

According to legends similar in the in the future third century BC by Manetho, a priest and historian who lived in the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the Hellenistic mature of ancient Egypt, the city was founded by King Menes. It was the capital of ancient Egypt (Kemet or Kumat) during the Old Kingdom and remained an important city throughout ancient Egyptian history. It occupied a strategic tilt at the mouth of the Nile Delta, and was house to full of beans activity. Its principal port, Peru-nefer (not to be embarrassed with Peru-nefer at Avaris), featured a high density of workshops, factories, and warehouses that distributed food and merchandise throughout the ancient kingdom. During its golden age, Memphis thrived as a regional middle for commerce, trade, and religion.

Memphis was believed to be below the tutelage of the god Ptah, the patron of craftsmen. Its good temple, Hut-ka-Ptah (meaning "Enclosure of the ka of Ptah"), was one of the most prominent structures in the city. The make known of this temple, rendered in Greek as Aἴγυπτoς (Ai-gy-ptos) by Manetho, is believed to be the etymological pedigree of the avant-garde English name Egypt.

The records of Memphis is nearby linked to that of the country itself. Its eventual downfall is believed to have been due to the loss of its economic significance in late antiquity, following the rise of coastal Alexandria. Its religious significance was diminished after the handing over of the ancient religion following the Edict of Thessalonica (380 AD), which made Nicene Christianity the sole religion of the Roman empire.

Today, the ruins of the former capital give fragmented evidence of its past.

Memphis has had several names during its chronicles of roughly speaking four millennia. Its Ancient Egyptian publicize was Inebu-hedj (𓊅𓌉, translated as "the white walls").

Because of its size, the city furthermore came to be known by various further names that were the names of neighbourhoods or districts that enjoyed considerable emphasis at one times or another. For example, according to a text of the First Intermediate Period, it was known as Djed-Sut ("everlasting places"), which is the state of the pyramid of Teti.

At one dwindling the city was referred to as Ankh-Tawy (meaning "Life of the Two Lands"), stressing the strategic approach of the city in the midst of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. This read out appears to date from the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1640 BCE), and is frequently found in ancient Egyptian texts. Some scholars preserve that this proclaim was that of an area that contained a sacred tree, the western district of the city that lay amongst the good Temple of Ptah and the necropolis at Saqqara.

At the beginning of the New Kingdom (c. 1550 BC), the city became known as mn-nfr (anglicized as Men-nefer, meaning "enduring and beautiful"), which became "Memfi" (ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ) in Bohairic Coptic. The name "Memphis" (Μέμφις) is the Greek becoming accustomed of the proclaim that they had conclusive to the pyramid of Pepi I, located west of the city.

The unbiased town Mit Rahina probably standard its broadcast from the ancient Egyptian innovative name for Memphis mjt-rhnt meaning "Road of the Ram-Headed Sphinxes" being a mention to the ancient causeway connecting Memphis and Saqqara, on which the procession of the dead bull travelled for burial in the Serapeum of Saqqara.

While attempting to draw ancient Egyptian records and religious elements into that of their own traditions, the Greek poet Hesiod in his Theogony explained the read out of the city by axiom that Memphis was a daughter of the Greek river god Nilus and the wife of Epaphus (the son of Zeus and Io), who founded the city and named it after his wife.

In the Bible, Memphis is called Moph.

The Muslim tradition adopted the Coptic etymology which operates following an etymon Māfah, derived from Coptic: ⲙⲁⲁⲃ, lit. 'thirty'. It made the number significant in the similar to traditions relating to Memphis: it was thirty miles long, Manqāwus built it for his thirty daughters and Baysar lived here gone his thirty children.

The city of Memphis is 20 km (12 mi) south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile. The highly developed cities and towns of Mit Rahina, Dahshur, Abusir, Abu Gorab, and Zawyet el'Aryan, south of Cairo, all lie within the administrative borders of historical Memphis (29°50′58.8″N 31°15′15.4″E / 29.849667°N 31.254278°E / 29.849667; 31.254278). The city was as a consequence the place that marked the boundary in the middle of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. (The 22nd nome of Upper Egypt and 1st nome of Lower Egypt).

Today, the footprint of the ancient city is uninhabited. The closest modern unity is the town of Mit Rahina. Estimates of historical population size differ widely in the course of sources. According to Tertius Chandler, Memphis had some 30,000 inhabitants and was by far afield the largest harmony worldwide from the times of its instigation until nearly 2250 BC and from 1557 to 1400 BC. K. A. Bard is more cautious and estimates the city's population to have numbered nearly 6,000 inhabitants during the Old Kingdom.

During the Old Kingdom, Memphis became the capital of Ancient Egypt for beyond eight consecutive dynasties. The city reached a height of prestige below the Sixth Dynasty as a middle for the honoring of Ptah, the god of opening and artworks. The alabaster sphinx that guards the Temple of Ptah serves as a memorial of the city's former aptitude and prestige. The Memphis triad, consisting of the creator god Ptah, his consort Sekhmet, and their son Nefertem, formed the main focus of glorification in the city.

Memphis declined after the Eighteenth Dynasty behind the rise of Thebes and the New Kingdom, but was revived under the Persians, before falling firmly into second place as soon as the founding of Alexandria. Under the Roman Empire, Alexandria remained the most important Egyptian city. Memphis remained the second city of Egypt until the introduction of Fustat (or Fostat) in 641 AD. Afterward it was largely lonesome and became a source of rock for the surrounding settlements. It was yet an imposing set of ruins in the twelfth century, but soon became Tiny more than an expanse of low ruins and scattered stone.

The legend recorded by Manetho was that Menes, the first king to mingle the Two Lands, established his capital on the banks of the Nile by diverting the river subsequently dikes. The Greek historian Herodotus, who tells a same story, relates that during his visit to the city, the Persians, at that narrowing the suzerains of the country, paid particular attention to the condition of these dams for that reason that the city was saved from the annual flooding. It has been theorised that Menes may have been a mythical king, similar to Romulus of Rome. Some scholars suggest that Egypt maybe became unified through mutual need, developing cultural ties and trading partnerships, although it is undisputed that the first capital of allied Egypt was the city of Memphis. Some Egyptologists had identified the legendary Menes bearing in mind the historical Narmer, who is represented upon the Palette of Narmer conquering the territory of the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt and establishing himself as king. This palette has been archaic to ca. 31st century BC and thus, would correlate similar to the legend of Egypt's unification by Menes. However, in 2012 an inscription depicting the visit of the predynastic king Iry-Hor to Memphis was discovered in the Sinai. Since Iry-Hor predates Narmer by two generations, the latter cannot have been the founder of the city. Alternatively, Epaphus (king of Egypt, whose wife was Memphis) is regarded in the Greek myths as the founder of Memphis, Egypt.

Little is known virtually the city of the Old Kingdom. It was the state capital of the powerful kings, who reigned from Memphis from the date of the First Dynasty. According to Manetho, during the prehistoric years of the reign of Menes, the seat of capability was farther to the south, at Thinis. According to Manetho, ancient sources suggest the "white walls" (Ineb-hedj) or "fortress of the white wall" were founded by Menes. It is likely that the king usual himself there to better direct the other union along with the two kingdoms that formerly were rivals. The highbrow of Djoser of the Third Dynasty, located in the ancient necropolis at Saqqara, would then be the royal funerary chamber, housing all the elements essential to royalty: temples, shrines, ceremonial courts, palaces, and barracks.

The golden age began subsequently the Fourth Dynasty, which seems to have furthered the primary role of Memphis as a royal house where rulers usual the double crown, the divine manifestation of the unification of the Two Lands. Coronations and jubilees such as the Sed festival were commended in the temple of Ptah. The prehistoric signs of such ceremonies were found in the chambers of Djoser.

During this period, the clergy of the temple of Ptah came into being. The importance of the temple is attested subsequently payments of food and additional goods necessary for the funerary rites of royal and noble dignitaries. This temple with is cited in the annals preserved on the Palermo Stone, and start from the reign of Menkaura, we know the names of the tall priests of Memphis who seem to have worked in pairs, at least until the reign of Teti.

The architecture of this times was thesame to that seen at Giza royal necropolis of the Fourth Dynasty, where recent excavations have revealed that the critical focus of the kingdom at that times centred on the construction of the royal tombs. A mighty suggestion of this notion is the etymology of the publish of the city itself, which matched that of the pyramid of Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasty. Memphis was then the receiver to a long artistic and architectural practice, constantly encouraged by the monuments of preceding reigns.

All these necropoleis were amid camps inhabited by craftsmen and labourers, dedicated exclusively to the construction of royal tombs. Spread more than several kilometres stretching in everything directions, Memphis formed a authentic megalopolis, with temples amalgamated by sacred temenos, and ports united by roadways and canals. The perimeter of the city for that reason gradually outstretched into a gigantic urban sprawl. Its centre remained in credit to the temple profound of Ptah.

At the arrival of the Middle Kingdom, the capital and court of the king had moved to Thebes in the south, leaving Memphis for a time. Although the seat of political facility had shifted, Memphis did remain perhaps the most important want ad and artistic centre, as evidenced by the discovery of handicrafts districts and cemeteries, located west of the temple of Ptah.

Also found were vestiges attesting to the architectural focus of this time. A large granite offering table on behalf of Amenemhat I mentioned the erection by the king of a shrine to the god Ptah, master of Truth. Other blocks registered in the make known of Amenemhat II were found to be used as foundations for large monoliths preceding the pylons of Ramses II. These kings were afterward known to have ordered mining expeditions, raids, or military campaigns on peak of the borders, erecting monuments or statues to the consecration of deities, evinced by a panel recording recognized acts of the royal court during this time. In the ruins of the Temple of Ptah, a block in the say of Senusret II bears an inscription indicating an architectural commission as a gift to the deities of Memphis. Moreover, many statues found at the site, later restored by the New Kingdom kings, are recognized to kings of the Twelfth Dynasty. Examples put in the two rock giants that have been recovered amidst the temple ruins, which were innovative restored below the say of Rameses II.

Finally, according to the tradition recorded by Herodotus, and Diodorus, Amenemhat III built the northern entrance of the Temple of Ptah. Remains endorsed to this king were indeed found during the excavations in this area conducted by Flinders Petrie, who stated the connection. It is afterward worth noting that, during this time, mastabas of the tall priests of Ptah were constructed near the royal pyramids at Saqqara, showing that the royalty and the clergy of Memphis at that time were alongside linked. The Thirteenth Dynasty continued this trend, and some kings of this lineage were buried at Saqqara, attesting that Memphis retained its place at the heart of the monarchy.

With the anger of the Hyksos and their rise to capacity ca. 1650 BC, the city of Memphis came under siege. Following its capture, many monuments and statues of the ancient capital were dismantled, looted, or damaged by the Hyksos kings, who difficult carried them off to adorn their new capital at Avaris. Evidence of royal propaganda has been outside and recognized to the Theban kings of the Seventeenth Dynasty, who initiated the reconquest of the kingdom half a century later.

The Eighteenth Dynasty therefore opened in imitation of the victory on top of the invaders by the Thebans. Although the reigns of Amenhotep II (r. 1427–1401/1397 BC) and Thutmose IV (r. 1401/1397–1391/1388 BC) saw considerable royal focus in Memphis, but for the most part, power remained in the south. With the long time of good relations that followed, prosperity anew took Keep of the city, which benefited from her strategic position. Strengthening trade ties with extra empires designed that the harbor of Peru-nefer (literally means "Bon Voyage") became the gateway to the kingdom for neighbouring regions, including Byblos and the Levant.

In the New Kingdom, Memphis became a middle for the education of royal princes and the sons of the nobility. Amenhotep II, born and raised in Memphis, was made the setem—the tall priest over Lower Egypt—during the reign of his father. His son, Thutmose IV customary his famed and recorded aim whilst residing as a youth prince in Memphis. During his exploration of the site, Karl Richard Lepsius identified a series of blocks and damage colonnades in the publicize of Thutmose IV to the east of the Temple of Ptah. They had to member a royal building, most likely a ceremonial palace.

The founding of the temple of Astarte (Mespotamian or Assyrian goddess of fertility and war; Babylonian = Ishtar), which Herodotus syncretically understands is dedicated to the Greek goddess Aphrodite, also may be obsolescent to the Eighteenth Dynasty, specifically the reign of Amenhotep III (r. 1388/86–1351/1349 BC). The greatest do its stuff of this king in Memphis, however, was a temple called "Nebmaatra joined with Ptah", which is cited by many sources from the times of his reign, including artefacts listing the works of Huy, the High Steward of Memphis. The location of this temple has not been precisely determined, but a number of its beige quartzite blocks were found to have been reused by Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213 BC) for the construction of the little temple of Ptah. This leads some Egyptologists to recommend that the latter temple had been built over the site of the first.

According to inscriptions found in Memphis, Akhenaten (r. 1353/51–1336/34 BC; formerly Amenhotep IV) founded a temple of Aten in the city. The burial chamber of one of the priests of this cult has been outdoor at Saqqara. His successor Tutankhamun (r. 1332–1323 BC; formerly Tutankhaten) relocated the royal court from Akhenaten's capital Akhetaten ("Horizon of the Aten") to Memphis back the fall of the second year of his reign. Whilst in Memphis, Tutankhamun initiated a mature of restoration of the temples and traditions bearing in mind the period of Atenism, which became regarded as heresy.

The tombs of important officials from his reign, such as Horemheb and Maya, are situated in Saqqara, although Horemheb was buried in the Valley of the Kings after reigning as king himself (r. 1319–1292 BC). He had been commander of the army below Tutankhamun and Ay. Maya was overseer of the treasury during the reigns of Tutankhamun, Ay, and Horemheb. Ay had been Tutankhamun's chief minister, and succeeded him as king (r. 1323–1319 BC). To consolidate his faculty he married Tutankhamun's widow Ankhesenamun, the third of the six daughters of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Her fate is unknown. Similarly, Horemheb consolidated knack when he married Nefertiti's sister Mutnodjemet.

There is evidence that, under Ramesses II, the city developed further importance in the diplomatic sphere through its proximity to the supplementary capital Pi-Ramesses. The king devoted many monuments in Memphis and adorned them subsequent to colossal symbols of glory. Merneptah (r. 1213–1203 BC), his successor, constructed a palace and developed the southeast wall of the temple of Ptah. For the at the forefront part of the 19th Dynasty, Memphis established the privileges of royal attention, and it is this dynasty that is most evident along with the ruins of the city today.

With the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Dynasties, there is a continuation of the religious enhancement initiated by Ramesses. Memphis does not seem to have suffered a fall during the Third Intermediate Period, which saw good changes in the geopolitics of the country. Instead it is likely that the kings worked to develop the Memphite cult in their further capital of Tanis, to the northeast. In lively of some remains found at the site, it is known that a temple of Ptah was based there. Siamun is cited as having built a temple dedicated to Amun, the remains of which were found by Flinders Petrie in the into the future twentieth century, in the south of the temple of Ptah complex.

According to inscriptions describing his architectural work, Sheshonk I (r. 943–922 BC), founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty, constructed a forecourt and pylon of the temple of Ptah, a monument that he named the "Castle of Millions of Years of Sheshonk, Beloved of Amun". The funerary cult surrounding this monument, well known in the New Kingdom, was still functioning several generations after its initiation at the temple, leading some scholars to suggest that it may have contained the royal burial chamber of the king. Sheshonk next ordered the building of a extra shrine for the god Apis, especially devoted to funeral ceremonies in which the bull was led to his death previously being ritually mummified.

A necropolis for the tall priests of Memphis dating precisely from the Twenty-second Dynasty has been found west of the forum. It included a chapel dedicated to Ptah by a prince Shoshenq, son of Osorkon II (r. 872–837 BC), whose tomb was found in Saqqara in 1939 by Pierre Montet. The chapel is currently visible in the gardens of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, behind a trio of colossi of Ramesses II, which are as well as from Memphis.

During the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period, Memphis is often the scene of liberation struggles of the local dynasties next to an occupying force, such as the Kushites, Assyrians, and Persians. The triumphant whisk of Piankhi, ruler of the Kushites, saw the establishment of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, whose seat of capability was in Napata. Piankhi's conquest of Egypt was recorded upon the Victory Stele at the Temple of Amun in Gebel Barkal. Following the take control of of Memphis, he restored the temples and cults neglected during the reign of the Libyans. His successors are known for building chapels in the southwest corner of the temple of Ptah.

Memphis was at the heart of the turmoil produced by the good Assyrian threat. Under Taharqa, the city formed the frontier base of the resistance, which soon crumbled as the Kushite king was driven support into Nubia. The Assyrian king Esarhaddon, supported by some of the indigenous Egyptian princes, captured Memphis in 671 BC. His forces sacked and raided the city, slaughtered villagers, and erected piles of their heads. Esarhaddon returned to his capital Nineveh with rich booty, and erected a victory stele showing the son of Taharqa in chains. Almost past the king left, Egypt rebelled neighboring Assyrian rule.

In Assyria, Ashurbanipal succeeded his dad and resumed the horrendous against Egypt. In a massive violent behavior in 664 BC, the city of Memphis was again sacked and looted, and the king Tantamani was pursued into Nubia and defeated, putting a definitive terminate to the Kushite reign over Egypt. Power subsequently returned to the Saite kings, who, fearful of an offensive from the Babylonians, reconstructed and even fortified structures in the city, as is attested by the palace built by Apries at Kom Tuman.

Egypt and Memphis were taken for Persia by king Cambyses in 525 BC after the Battle of Pelusium. Under the Persians, structures in the city were preserved and strengthened, and Memphis was made the administrative headquarters of the newly conquered satrapy. A Persian garrison was all the time installed within the city, probably in the great north wall, near the domineering palace of Apries. The excavations by Flinders Petrie revealed that this sector included armouries. For all but a century and a half, the city remained the capital of the Persian satrapy of Egypt ("Mudraya"/"Musraya"), officially becoming one of the epicentres of commerce in the Big territory conquered by the Achaemenid monarchy.

The stelae dedicated to Apis in the Serapeum at Saqqara, commissioned by the reigning monarch, represent a key element in treaty the goings-on of this period. As in the Late Period, the catacombs in which the remains of the sacred bulls were buried gradually grew in size, and complex took upon a monumental appearance that confirms the addition of the cult's hypostases throughout the country, and particularly in Memphis and its necropolis. Thus, a monument dedicated by Cambyses II seems to refute the testimony of Herodotus, who lends the conquerors a criminal attitude of disrespect adjoining the sacred traditions.

The nationalist awakening came considering the rise to power, however briefly, of Amyrtaeus in 404 BC, who curtains the Persian occupation. He was defeated and executed at Memphis in October 399 BC by Nepherites I, founder of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty. The achievement was recorded in an Aramaic papyrus document (Papyrus Brooklyn 13). Nepherites moved the capital to Mendes, in the eastern delta, and Memphis loose its status in the diplomatic sphere. It retained, however, its religious, commercial, and strategic importance, and was instrumental in resisting Persian attempts to reconquer Egypt.

Under Nectanebo I, a major rebuilding program was initiated for temples across the country. In Memphis, a powerful extra wall was rebuilt for the Temple of Ptah, and developments were made to temples and chapels inside the complex. Nectanebo II meanwhile, while continuing the achievement of his predecessor, began building large sanctuaries, especially in the necropolis of Saqqara, adorning them once pylons, statues, and paved roads lined bearing in mind rows of sphinxes. Despite his efforts to prevent the recovery of the country by the Persians, he succumbed to an anger in 340 BC. Nectanebo II retreated south to Memphis, to which the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes III laid siege, forcing the king to flee to Upper Egypt, and eventually to Nubia.

A brief liberation of the city under the rebel-king Khababash (338 to 335 BC) is evinced by an Apis bull sarcophagus bearing his name, which was discovered at Saqqara dating from his second year. The armies of Darius III eventually regained direct of the city.

Memphis under the Late Period saw recurring invasions followed by successive liberations. Several become old besieged, it was the scene of several of the bloodiest battles in the archives of the country. Despite the sustain of their Greek allies in undermining the hegemony of the Achaemenids, the country nevertheless fell into the hands of the conquerors, and Memphis was never anew to become the nation's capital. In 332 BC came the Greeks, who took control of the country from the Persians, and Egypt would never look a new indigenous ruler inherit the throne until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.

In 332 BC, Alexander the Great was crowned king in the Temple of Ptah, ushering in the Hellenistic period. The city retained a significant status, especially religious, throughout the period like the capture by one of his generals, Ptolemy I. On the death of Alexander in Babylon (323 BCE), Ptolemy took great pains in acquiring his body and bringing it to Memphis. Claiming that the king had officially expressed a want to be buried in Egypt, he subsequently carried the body of Alexander to the heart of the temple of Ptah, and had him embalmed by the priests. By custom, kings in Macedon asserted their right to the throne by burying their predecessor. Ptolemy II well ahead transferred the sarcophagus to Alexandria, where a royal tomb was build up for its burial. The correct location of the tomb has been in limbo since then. According to Aelian, the seer Aristander foretold that the house where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever".

Thus began the Ptolemaic dynasty, during which began the city's gradual decline. It was Ptolemy I who first introduced the cult of Serapis in Egypt, establishing his cult in Saqqara. From this era date many developments of the Saqqara Serapeum, including the building of the Chamber of Poets, as well as the dromos adorning the temple, and many elements of Greek-inspired architecture. The cult's reputation Elongated beyond the borders of the country, but was far along eclipsed by the good Alexandrian Serapeum, built in Ptolemy's honour by his successors.

The Decrees of Memphis were issued in 216 and 196 BC, by Ptolemy IV and Ptolemy V respectively. Delegates from the principal clergies of the kingdom gathered in synod, under the patronage of the High Priest of Ptah and in the presence of the king, to pronounce the religious policy of the country for years to come, also dictating fees and taxes, creating further foundations, and paying praise to the Ptolemaic rulers. These decrees were engraved on stelae in three scripts to be retrieve and understood by all: Demotic, hieroglyphic, and Greek. The most famous of these stelae is the Rosetta Stone, which allowed the deciphering of ancient Egyptian script in the nineteenth century. There were other stelae, funerary this time, discovered upon the site that have forwarded knowledge of the genealogy of the forward-thinking clergy of Memphis, a dynasty of high priests of Ptah. The line retained mighty ties when the royal associates in Alexandria, to the extent that marriages occurred between positive high priests and Ptolemaic princesses, strengthening even additional the adherence between the two families.

With the dawn of the Romans, Memphis, like Thebes, lost its place for eternity in favour of Alexandria, which opened onto the empire. The rise of the cult of Serapis, a syncretic deity most suited to the mentality of the further rulers of Egypt, and the emergence of Christianity taking root deep into the country, spelled the complete destroy of the ancient cults of Memphis.

During the Byzantine and Coptic periods the city gradually dwindled and finally dropped out of existence. It then became a quarry from which its stones were used to build new settlements nearby, including Fustat, the other capital founded by the Arabs who took possession in the seventh century AD. The foundations of Fustat and far along Cairo, both built farther north, were laid taking into account stones of dismantled temples and ancient necropoleis of Memphis. In the thirteenth century, the Arab chronicler Abd-ul-Latif, upon visiting the site, described and gave testimony to the grandeur of the ruins.

Although the remains today are nothing compared to what was witnessed by the Arab historian, his testimony has inspired the function of many archaeologists. The first surveys and excavations of the nineteenth century, and the extensive take action of Flinders Petrie, have been adept to proceed a Tiny of the former glory of the ancient capital. Memphis and its necropolis, which append funerary stone tombs, mastabas, temples, and pyramids, were inscribed on the World Heritage List of UNESCO in 1979.

During the epoch of the New Kingdom, and especially below the reign of the rulers of the Nineteenth Dynasty, Memphis flourished in capacity and size, rivalling Thebes both politically and architecturally. An indicator of this momentum can be found in a chapel of Seti I dedicated to the adulation of Ptah. After higher than a century of excavations upon the site, archaeologists have gradually been dexterous to insist the layout and spread of the ancient city.

The Hout-ka-Ptah, dedicated to the exaltation of the creator god Ptah, was the largest and most important temple in ancient Memphis. It was one of the most prominent structures in the city, occupying a large precinct within the city's centre. Enriched by centuries of veneration, the temple was one of the three foremost places of respect in Ancient Egypt, the others swine the great temples of Ra in Heliopolis, and of Amun in Thebes.

Much of what is known today more or less the ancient temple comes from the writings of Herodotus, who visited the site at the become old of the first Persian invasion, long after the slip of the New Kingdom. Herodotus claimed that the temple had been founded by Menes, and that the core building of the obscure was restricted to priests and kings. His account, however, gives no physical explanation of the complex. Archaeological ham it up undertaken in the last century has gradually unearthed the temple's ruins, revealing a big walled combined accessible by several monumental gates located along the southern, western, and eastern walls.

The remains of the good temple and its premises are displayed as an open-air museum close the great colossus of Rameses II, which originally marked the southern axis of the temple. Also in this sector is a large sphinx monolith, discovered in the nineteenth century. It dates from the Eighteenth Dynasty, most likely having been carved during the reign of either Amenhotep II or Thutmose IV. It is one of the finest examples of this kind statuary still present upon its original site. The outdoor museum houses numerous supplementary statues, colossi, sphinxes, and architectural elements. However, the majority of the finds have been sold to major museums more or less the world. For the most part, these can be found upon display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

The specific circulate of the temple is vague at present, and forlorn that of the main entry to the perimeter are known. Recent developments complement the discovery of giant statues that adorned the gates or towers. Those that have been found date from the reign of Ramsses II. This king as a consequence built at least three shrines within the temple compound, where high regard is associated with those deities to whom they were dedicated.

This small temple, adjoining the southwest corner of the larger Temple of Ptah, was dedicated to the deified Rameses II, along past the three confess deities: Horus, Ptah and Amun. It is known in full as the Temple of Ptah of Rameses, Beloved of Amun, God, Ruler of Heliopolis.

Its ruins were discovered in 1942 by archaeologist Ahmed Badawy and were excavated in 1955 by Rudolf Anthes. The excavations outside a religious building perfect with a tower, a courtyard for ritual offerings, a portico in the same way as columns followed by a pillared hall and a tripartite sanctuary, all enclosed in walls built of mudbricks. Its most recent exterior has been obsolete from the New Kingdom era.

The temple opened to the east toward a alleyway paved with new religious buildings. The archaeological explorations that took place here manner that the southern portion of the city indeed contain a large number of religious buildings in the atmosphere of a particular observance to the god Ptah, the principal deity of Memphis.

Located farther east, and near to the good colossus of Rameses, this little temple is recognized to the nineteenth dynasty, and seems to have been dedicated to Ptah and his divine consort Sekhmet, as competently as deified Rameses II. Its ruins are not so with ease preserved as others nearby, as its limestone foundations appear to have been quarried after the renunciation of the city in late antiquity.

Two giant statues, dating from the Middle Kingdom, originally adorned the building's facade, which opened to the west. They were moved inside the Museum of Memphis, and depicted the king standing in the attitude of the march, wearing the Hedjet, the white crown of Upper Egypt.

In the southeast of the Great Temple complex, the king Merneptah of the Nineteenth Dynasty founded a supplementary shrine in honour of the chief deity of the city, Ptah. This temple was discovered in the to the fore twentieth century by Flinders Petrie, who identified it as a depiction of the Greek god Proteus cited by Herodotus.

The site was excavated during the First World War by Clarence Stanley Fisher. Excavations began in the anterior part, which is formed by a large courtyard of approximately 15 sq metres, opening on the south by a large log on with reliefs supplying the names of the king and the epithets of Ptah. Only this portion of the temple has been unearthed; the remainder of the chamber has yet to be explored a little farther north. During the excavations, archaeologists unearthed the first traces of an edifice built of mudbrick, which quickly proved to be a large ceremonial palace built alongside the temple proper. Some of the key elements of the rock temple were donated by Egypt to the museum at the University of Pennsylvania, which financed the expedition, while the extra remained at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

The temple remained in use throughout the descend of the New Kingdom, as evidenced by enrolment surges during the reigns of progressive kings. Thereafter, however, it was gradually without help and converted for additional uses by civilians. Gradually buried by the protest of the city, the stratigraphic chemical analysis of the site shows that by the Late Period it was already in ruins and is soon covered by further buildings.

This small temple of Hathor was unearthed south of the great wall of the Hout-Ka-Ptah by Abdullah al-Sayed Mahmud in the 1970s and then dates from the period of Rameses II. Dedicated to the goddess Hathor, Lady of the Sycamore, it presents an architecture same to the little temple-shrines known especially to Karnak. From its proportions, it does not seem to be a major shrine of the goddess, but is currently the forlorn building dedicated to her discovered in the city's ruins.

It is believed that this shrine was primarily used for processional purposes during major religious festivals. A larger temple dedicated to Hathor, indeed one of the foremost shrines of the goddess in the country, is thought to have existed elsewhere in the city, but to date has not been discovered. A depression, similar to that found close the good temple of Ptah, could indicate its location. Archaeologists agree to that it could house the remains of an enclosure and a large monument, a theory attested by ancient sources.

The temple of the goddess Neith was said to have been located to the north of the temple of Ptah. It has not been discovered to date.

Memphis is believed to have housed a number of extra temples dedicated to deities who accompanied Ptah. Some of these sanctuaries are attested by ancient hieroglyphs, but have not nevertheless been found in the middle of the ruins of the city. Surveys and excavations are nevertheless continuing at user-friendly Mit Rahina, and will likely build up to the knowledge of the planning of the ancient religious city.

A temple dedicated to Mithras, dated from the Roman period, has been outside in the grounds north of Memphis. The temple of Astarte, described by Herodotus, was located in the Place reserved to the Phoenicians during the time taking into account the Greek author visited the city, but has not been discovered to date.

A temple dedicated to the goddess Sekhmet, consort of Ptah, has not still been found, but is currently approved by Egyptian sources. Archaeologists are still searching for remains. It may be located within the precinct of the Hout-ka-Ptah, as would seem to recommend several discoveries made in the middle of the ruins of the mysterious in the late nineteenth century, including a block of rock evoking the "great door" with the epithet of the goddess, and a column bearing an inscription upon behalf of Rameses II declaring him "beloved of Sekhmet". It has after that been demonstrated through the Great Harris Papyrus, which states that a statue of the goddess was made contiguously those of Ptah and their son, the god Nefertem, during the reign of Rameses III, and that it was commissioned for the deities of Memphis at the heart of the great temple.

The Temple of Apis in Memphis was the main temple dedicated to the adulation of the bull Apis, considered to be a living manifestation of Ptah. It is detailed up of classical historians such as Herodotus, Diodorus, and Strabo, but its location has nevertheless to be discovered amidst the ruins of the ancient capital. According to Herodotus, who described the temple's courtyard as a peristyle of columns later than giant statues, it was built during the reign of Psamtik I. The Greek historian Strabo visited the site gone the conquering Roman troops, following the victory adjoining Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium. He details that the temple consisted of two chambers, one for the bull and the extra for his mother, and all was built near the temple of Ptah. At the temple, Apis was used as an oracle, his movements visceral interpreted as prophecies. His breath was believed to cure disease, and his presence to bless those vis-а-vis with virility. He was resolved a window in the temple through which he could be seen, and on sure holidays was led through the streets of the city, bedecked in the same way as jewellery and flowers.

In 1941, the archaeologist Ahmed Badawy discovered the first remains in Memphis that depicted the god Apis. The site, located within the grounds of the good temple of Ptah, was revealed to be a mortuary chamber designed exclusively for the embalming of the sacred bull. A stele found at Saqqara shows that Nectanebo II had ordered the restoration of this building, and elements dated from the Thirtieth Dynasty have been unearthed in the northern portion of the chamber, confirming the times of reconstruction in this part of the temple. It is likely that the mortuary was allocation of the larger temple of Apis cited by ancient sources. This sacred ration of the temple would be the only ration that has survived, and would state the words of Strabo and Diodorus, both of whom acknowledged that the temple was located near the temple of Ptah.

The majority of known Apis statues come from the burial chambers known as Serapeum, located to the northwest at Saqqara. The most ancient burials found at this site date urge on to the reign of Amenhotep III.

During the Twenty-first Dynasty, a shrine of the good god Amun was built by Siamun to the south of the temple of Ptah. This temple (or temples) was most likely dedicated to the Theban Triad, consisting of Amun, his consort Mut, and their son Khonsu. It was the Upper Egyptian counterpart of the Memphis Triad (Ptah, Sekhmet, and Nefertem).

A temple dedicated to Aten in Memphis is attested by hieroglyphs found within the tombs of Memphite dignitaries of the decrease of the Eighteenth Dynasty, uncovered at Saqqara. Among them, that of Tutankhamun, who began his career below the reign of his father, Akhenaten, as a "steward of the temple of Aten in Memphis".

Since the early excavations at Memphis in the late nineteenth and beforehand twentieth centuries, artefacts have been uncovered in vary parts of the city that indicate the presence of a building dedicated to the admiration of the sun disc, The Aten. The location of such a building is lost, and various hypotheses have been made on this subject based upon the place of discovery of the remains of the Amarna Period features.

The ruins of ancient Memphis have yielded a large number of sculptures representing Rameses II.
Within the museum in Memphis is a giant statue of him carved of monumental limestone, about 10 metres in length. It was discovered in 1820 near the southern gate of the temple of Ptah by Italian archaeologist Giovanni Caviglia. Because the base and feet of the sculpture are broken off from the get off of the body, it is currently displayed lying on its back. Some of the colours are still partially preserved, but the beauty of this statue lies in its flawless detail of the mysterious and subtle forms of human anatomy. The king wears the white crown of Upper Egypt, Hedjet.

Caviglia offered to send the statue to Grand Duke of Tuscany, Leopold II, through the arbitration of Ippolito Rosellini. Rosellini advised the sovereign of the terrible expenses in action with transportation, and considered as vital the caustic of the colossus into pieces. The Wāli and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, Muhammad Ali Pasha, offered to donate it to the British Museum, but the museum declined the provide because of the hard task of shipping the big statue to London. It thus remained in the archaeological Place of Memphis in the museum built to protect it.

The colossus was one of a pair that historically adorned the eastern admittance to the temple of Ptah. The other, found in the thesame year moreover by Caviglia, was restored in the 1950s to its full standing summit of 11 metres. It was first displayed in the Bab Al-Hadid square in Cairo, which was later than renamed Ramses Square. Deemed an unsuitable location, it was moved in 2006 to a the stage location in Giza, where it underwent restoration since being installed at the entrйe of the Grand Egyptian Museum in January 2018. A replica of the statues stands in a suburb of Cairo, Heliopolis.

Because of its antiquity and its large population, Memphis had several necropoleis development along the valley, including the most famous, Saqqara. In addition, the urban area consisted of cemeteries that were constructed to the west of the great temple. The sanctity of these places inevitably attracted the devout and the faithful, who sought either to make an offering to Osiris, or to bury another.

The part of the city called Ankh-tawy was already included in the Middle Kingdom necropolis. Expansions of the western sector of the temple of Ptah were ordered by the kings of the Twenty-second Dynasty, seeking to revive the considering glory of the Ramesside age. Within this portion of the site was founded a necropolis of the high priests.

According to sources, the site next included a chapel or an oratory to the goddess Bastet, which seems consistent like the presence of monuments of rulers of the dynasty as soon as the cult of Bubastis. Also in this Place were the mortuary temples devoted by various New Kingdom kings, whose take effect is paralleled by Egyptologists to that played by the Temples of a Million years of the Theban kings.

Memphis was the seat of talent for the kings of beyond eight dynasties. According to Manetho, the first royal palace was founded by Hor-Aha, the successor of Narmer, the founder of the 1st Dynasty. He built a fortress in Memphis of white walls. Egyptian sources tell of the palaces of the Old Kingdom rulers, some of which were built underneath major royal pyramids. They were enormous in size, and were embellished later than parks and lakes. In complement to the palaces described below, other sources indicate the existence of a palace founded in the city by Thutmose I, which was yet operating under the reign of Tuthmosis IV.

According to ascribed texts of his reign, Merneptah ordered the building of a large walled enclosure housing a new temple and an neighboring palace. Later Apries, had a palatial complex build up at Kom Tuman on a promontory overlooking the city. It was allowance of a series of structures built within the temple precinct in the Late Period, and contained a royal palace, a fortress, barracks, and armouries. Flinders Petrie excavated the Place and found considerable signs of military activity.

The centrally located palaces and temples were surrounded by substitute districts of the city, in which were many craftsmen's workshops, arsenals, and dockyards. Also were residential neighbourhoods, some of which were inhabited primarily by foreigners—first Hittites and Phoenicians, later Persians, and finally Greeks. The city was indeed located at the crossroads of trade routes and therefore attracted goods imported from diverse regions of the Mediterranean.

Ancient texts avow that citywide progress took place regularly. Furthermore, there is evidence that the Nile has shifted greater than the centuries to the east, leaving additional lands to fill in the eastern ration of the archaic capital. This area of the city was dominated by the large eastern gate of the temple of Ptah.

The site of Memphis has been well-known since ancient become old and is cited in many ancient sources, including both Egyptian and foreign. Diplomatic chronicles found upon different sites have detailed the correspondence amongst the city and the various contemporary empires in the Mediterranean, Ancient Near East, and Africa. These intensify for example the Amarna letters, which detail trade conducted by Memphis following the sovereigns of Babylon and the various city-states of Lebanon. The proclamations of the highly developed Assyrian kings cite Memphis along with its list of conquests.

Beginning following the second half of the first millennium BC, the city was detailed more and more very in the words of ancient historians, especially considering the progress of trade ties afterward Greece. The descriptions of the city by travellers who followed the traders in the discovery of Egypt have proved instrumental in reconstructing an image of the glorious taking into account of the ancient capital. Among the main classical authors are:

Subsequently, the city is often cited by extra Latin or Greek authors, in scarce cases providing an overall relation of the city or detailing its cults, as realize Suetonius and Ammianus Marcellinus, who pay particular attention to the city's adulation of Apis.

The city was plunged into oblivion during the Christian era that followed. Few sources are affable to attest to the city's activities during its supreme stages.

It was not until the conquest of the country by the Arabs that a tally of the city reappears, by which get older it was in ruins. Among the major sources from this time:

In 1652 during his vacation to Egypt, Jean de Thévenot identified the location of the site and its ruins, confirming the accounts of the obsolescent Arab authors for Europeans. His bill is brief, but represents the first step toward the exploration that will emerge after the loan of archaeology. The starting dwindling of archaeological exploration in Memphis was Napoléon Bonaparte's great foray into Egypt in 1798. Research and surveys of the site confirmed the identification of Thévenot, and the first studies of its remains were carried out by scientists accompanying French soldiers. The results of the first scientific studies were published in the monumental Description de l'Égypte, a map of the region, the first to manage to pay for the location of Memphis subsequent to precision.

The upfront French expeditions paved the pretentiousness for explorations of a deeper scope that would follow from the nineteenth century until today, conducted by leading explorers, Egyptologists, and major archaeological institutions. Here is a partial list:

During the British get older in Egypt, the press forward of agricultural technology along next the systematic cultivation of the Nile floodplains led to a considerable amount of accidental archaeological discoveries. Much of what was found would slip into the hands of major European collectors travelling the country upon behalf of the good museums of London, Paris, Berlin, and Turin. It was during one of these estate cultivations that peasants accidentally discovered elements of a Roman temple of Mithras during 1847 near the village of Mit Rahina. It was probably at this location where eleven statues were found. A review of Les Statues Ptolémaïques du Sarapieion de Memphis noted they were probably built in the third century in the flavor of limestone and stucco, some standing others sitting. In 1956, Rowe and Rees suggested that this theme was similar to Plato's Academy mosaic. The statues were recognized to, Pindar (seated, identified per a graffiti), an inscription at the incite of his seat that reads Dionysi, Demetrius of Phalerum, Orphic, aux oiseaux, Hesiode, Homer seated in the center (head was recovered), Protagoras, Thales, Heraclite, Platon (per inscription), and Aristote.

From 1852 to 1854, Joseph Hekekyan, then on the go for the Egyptian government, conducted geological surveys on the site, and on these occasions made a number of discoveries, such as those at Kom el-Khanzir (northeast of the good temple of Ptah). These stones decorated with reliefs from the Amarna period, originally from the ancient temple of Aten in Memphis, had in balance to certainly been reused in the foundations of option ruined monument. He also discovered the great colossus of Rameses II in pink granite.

This spate of archaeological discoveries gave birth to the constant risk of seeing all these cultural riches desertion Egyptian soil. Auguste-Édouard Mariette, who visited Saqqara in 1850, became up to date of the infatuation to Make an institution in Egypt held responsible for the exploration and conservation of the country's archaeological treasures. He normal the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation (EAO) in 1859, and organised excavations at Memphis that revealed the first evidence of the great temple of Ptah, and outdoor the royal statues of the Old Kingdom.

The antediluvian published papyri Greek Magical Papyri, may have originated from the region.

The major excavations of the British Egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, conducted from 1907 to 1912, uncovered the majority of the ruins as seen today. Major discoveries on the site during these excavations included the pillared hall of the temple of Ptah, the pylon of Rameses II, the great alabaster sphinx, and the great wall north of the palace of Apries. He next discovered the remains of the Temple of Amun of Siamon, and the Temple of Ptah of Merneptah. His produce an effect was interrupted during the First World War, and would well along be taken in the works by supplementary archaeologists, gradually uncovering some of the forgotten monuments of the ancient capital.

A timeline listing the main findings: